Saturday, December 28, 2019

Chinese Foreign Policy Towards North East Asian Countries

Introduction In the 21st century, the rise of china has become the most remarkable event in the international relations. China is one of the fastest growing economy in the world. Many researchers used factionalism as a means to define Chinese foreign policy because of the conflict among the top leaders during the revolutionary period. Chinese foreign policy has become more pragmatic and sophisticated. By joining the World Trade Organization, the country increased its participation in the global economy (Hao, Y., Hou, Y, 2009).My research topic is on the Chinese foreign policy towards North East Asian countries. This paper concentrates on the Chinese foreign relations with North East Asian countries like Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Russia (Zhao, Q, 1997) The author used three key words to understand the Chinese foreign policy i.e., modernization, nationalism and regionalism. 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Thursday, December 19, 2019

Analysis Of The Poem The Hunchback Of Notre Dame

An individual’s relation with others often impacts their sense of belonging to themselves. However, the complex nature of belonging presents further obstacles to connecting to one’s environment. This is illustrated through Peter Skrzynecki’s ‘Immigrant Chronicles’, in which he depicts the complications of belonging through his personal experiences. In addition, Victor Hugo’s ‘The Hunchback of Notre Dame’ also represents the intricacy of connecting to others through the protagonist, Quasimodo. Essentually, both texts explore the impact of a relationship, or lack thereof, on self-identity. Peter Skrzynecki’s ‘In the Folk Museum’ illustrates the impact of his lack of connection to people on his sense of self. Skrzynecki depicts the effect of isolation from others through his lack of understanding of Australian culture, which leads to his displacement amongst the physical setting, â€Å"I look at words that describe machinery, clothes, transport, a Victorian bedroom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The detached tone, established through the verb ‘look’ illustrates his lack of connection to the items, and subsequently to the Australian lifestyle. The accumulative listing conveys the limited understanding he has of Australian past and culture, and subsequently, of his own identity. Essentially, Skrzynekci’s detachment highlights the complexity of belonging by illustrating that there are several factors that determine one’s connection to their surroundings. This is reinforced through the lack of social interactionShow MoreRelatedLes Miserables: an Analysis1421 Words   |  6 PagesLes Misà ©rables By Victor Hugo An Analysis by Neyko Gelo L. Dela Cruz, 3-11 August 3, 2015 â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Victor Hugo Victor Marie Hugo, born on February 26, 1802, was a celebrated French author during the Romantic Movement and is best known for his poetry and his novels including The Hunchback of Notre-Dame and Les Misà ©rables. His father served as a high-ranked officer in Napoleon’s army. Since it is against his mother’sRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prophet By Kahlil Gibran1780 Words   |  8 Pagesliving the last twelve years in exile on an island. He is about to return home, but the islanders ask this wise man to share his wisdom on topics such as love, family, work, death reason, self-knowledge and ethics. It is written in the form of 26 prose poems delivered in sermons. Professor Juan Cole, historian of the Middle East at the University of Michigan who has translated several of Gibrans works from Arabic states,He offered a dogma-free universal spiritualism as opposed to orthodox religion, andRead MoreLes Miserables : A French Masterpiece3985 Words   |  16 PagesAcademy for a poem he wrote when he was only fifteen. At the age of twenty, he published his first book of poetry titled Miscellaneous Odes and Verses and earned himself a royal pension which he used to marry his childhood sweetheart Adele Foucher. Hugo then began to expand his writing by publishing b ooks such as Hans of Iceland, and The Slave-King (bug Jargal). These novel’s, however seem to be practice runs for his most memorable and impactful works of literature- The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Capacity Management for Concepts for a Changing Environment

Question: Discuss about theCapacity Management for Concepts for a Changing Environment. Answer: Capacity planning refers to the activity of company considering their ability to produce the required output from the available resources or inputs.it entails he process of acquiring the required materials for production. There should be a proper forecast of the resources required to produce output so as to prevent the situation of stoppage of production or low quality output resulting from lack of lack of capacity in production(investinue, 2016). Market demand for the product-call us supply plumbing company has to consider the demand for their product in the market, so that they are able to plan their capacity with the right amounts of desired output and thus effectively plan the effective capacity to produce this output to satisfy customer demand(larry E rittenberg). The cost of the capacity the cost of the capacity for call us plumbing supply company is important to be considered for efficient capacity. This is because the company has to come up with a capacity that is economical and will not result to high cost than revenues(larry E rittenberg). The product design-for a product that has a standard uniform design, then the capacity is predictable and is easy to come up with, unlike for variable design products which will require that the capacity keep on being revised(larry E rittenberg). Adjustment strategy is that which the capacity is added gradually with increases in demand or with changes in production systems Lead strategy-this refers to the company increasing their capacity with future expectations of increase in demand for their product.it ensures that the company is able to meet future demand increases in the company. Lag strategy-this strategy only increases the capacity when the company production resources are being used to the fullest due to an increase in the demand for the product by customers. (marone, 2013) Call us plumbing supply requires strategies that will be able to ensure that they are able to manage capacity economically. They should also ensure that the capacity ensures that the demands for customers are met and that they are able to cater for fluctuating customer demands(masulis, 1988). The strategies are: The adjustment strategy-this refers to the system that allows the capacity to be gradually increased with increases in demand. This strategy is favourable to call us plumbing supply because of ensuring that they are able to meet the customer demands, by being able to expand their capacity with increases in customer demand. Lag Strategy-This is a strategy that increases capacity when the resources of the company are fully stretched in production. This strategy is important to call us supply because it ensures that the capacity is added when the demand is at peak and thus extra capacity is required. During off-peak times then it avoids the underutilisation of capacity. Lead strategy-this strategy ensures that the company increases their capacity with expectation of increases of demand in the future. This strategy is important to call us plumbing supply because it allows that the company be able to get ready for increases in demand for the plumbing products and are thus able to satisfy the increased demand(mayson, 2016-2017). To ensure continuous production-companies are required to keep the required amount of inventory to use in their production. This is to ensure that the production process is availed with the required inputs so that is does not suffer from shortage of input resulting to stoppage or poor quality of output. To take advantage of discounts-companies keep inventory to be able to take advantage of consumer discounts. This is when the company when buying stock are given discounts for certain amounts and will thus buy large amounts of the product of inventory so as to take advantage of the discounts. (mordecai lee, 2012) Fixed order inventory management system is an inventory management system whereby the amounts of inventory are fixed. This means that the maximum level of stock is fixed at a certain amount which all reorders must not pass. The minimum stock level too is set at a fixed level at which inventory is reordered to avoid the inventory from going beyond this point. Variable period inventory management system differs in that the level of stock are set at changing levels of both minimum and maximum stock levels. There is no set amount of stock that is said to be a maximum while there is no minimum stock level too.(nigel slack, 2007) Just in time this is a material management system that inventory is availed when needed and in the right amounts and quality.it manages by cooperation with the suppliers whereby they are able to bring the required material for production at the right time needed for production. For example, this system is used in Toyota company where they do not keep inventory for manufacturing vehicles at their warehouses but rather organise with the suppliers that the parts are timely supplied when needed. Kanban system-this is a system of managing material where the system is set in manner that it is able to signal the need for input and it is supplied in time. The higher levels of production are able to signal the requirement for inputs to the lower levels and they are timely supplied with the necessary input. This is well applied by the Honda company whereby the manufacture of motor vehicle follows this system of material management. The Honda system is able to detect shortages in production and signals to the lower stages which timely provide the needed input(honda company, 2017). (noe, 2014) ABC system-this is an inventory management system that categorises the inventory into classes A, B and C.the inventory is categorised in order of their value to the company that is A is for the most valuable products to the company, B is for moderately important products to the company and C is for the least important products to the company. This system is important to Mr Swartz in that it allows him to be able to take extra care of the inventory that is most valuable to the comoany.it enables save costs too because it helps him to be able to allocate lesser inventory management resources to the lesser important items of inventory. Two bin inventory system this refers to the storage of inventory in bins where one bin has the stock to be used while the second bin has the reserve stock. When the first bin is depleted, the second bin is used as they wait for the order to be fulfilled. This is an important system to Mr Swartz because it allows that there are no shortages of inventory because when an order is placed, then there is a reserve stock to take care of production. Cross docking- this is an inventory management system where the suppliers supply the products in bulk to a central point where the bulk is broken and then transported to the shops requiring the products. This is important to Mr Swartz as it helps him not to keep inventory at warehouse thus saves on costs of storage. Bulk system of inventory management-this is a system where the inventory is held in large amounts by the company. This system is important to Mr Swartz because of allowing to keep large amounts of needed inventory and thus does not suffer shortages of stock when demand for production is high and thus require that production be increased. (robert l.mathis, 2015) Supply chain management is the network of facilities whose role is to procure inputs, transform the inputs to final products and at last make sure that the finished products reach the customers in the right amount and quantity to satisfy demand. Supply Chain for FMCG The chained for the product is planned to ensure the smooth flow of the product from the input stage through to the final consumer. The planning requires that the supply chain be short to ensure that the product reach the market in time. The purchasing of the inventory emphasises that there be required amounts of inventory so as to ensure that the production is continuous without stoppage.it should also ensure that the inventory take advantage of discounts so as to reduce the expenses. The processing requires that it be smooth without stopping and each individual know their duties properly to ensure that the quality of the commodity is maintained and that the demand at the market is met. The distribution ensures that the product is taken to the customer convenient point of access and at the right amounts to ensure satisfaction(slaton, 2007). To maintain a continuous production process- with inventory available, then the process of production does not suffer from lack of material or shortages and thus the production continuous smoothly. For value addition- some inventory when kept in stores add their value and thus benefit the company for example wine. (william stallings, 2012) Start to end process approach-currently supply chain is not only concerned with the acquisition of raw materials.it has shifted focus to the whole process of production from the input stage, transformational and delivery to the final consumers. Profitability growth-the supply chain systems have shifted their focus to ensure that the company earns profits through streamlining the process of production, thus reducing costs of production. Integration of functions-the functions in supply chain are now dependent on each other compared to when they were independent of each other. This allows that processes flow smoothly because of the coordination form one stage to another. The supply chain systems are more liquid-this means that the system are generating more income for the company compared to before when they were just a source of bringing materials to the company. Customer focus-the systems of supply currently are focused on the satisfaction of the customer unlike before when they were concerned with just the ensuring of material flow in the company. Introduction of information system- there are currently information systems that are used to do supply management functions such as making and analysing reports on inventory. Unlike before when it was human only doing the job physically. (nigel slack, 2007) Configure to order- this refers to the making of products having a lot of variations. The products end up being different from each other. Make to stock-this is the making of many similar products that are not in line with the different needs of the customers. Make to order-this is where the products are made according to the needs of the customers in the market. Engineer to order this is when the products are made according to the specific and unmatched need of a specific consumer. (nigel slack, 2007) Make to stock is the most favourable strategy because of the standardised nature of valves. The valves are usually standardised to cater for the different needs and thus the customer lack much of the choice to ask for a specific tailor made valve. This system therefore is favourable because of ensuring that the valves are standardised and also reduces the costs of acquiring the needed capacity.(nigel slack, 2007) The company performs well in their supply chain activities that is capacity and their inventory. The company ensures that the quality is maintained through the supply chain as well as high performance in maintaining their capacity and inventory through the cooperation with their suppliers to ensure that they supply them in time and the right quality and quantity of the resources(nigel slack, 2007). Call us plumbing supply can improve their performance management through the putting of checking systems to control how activities are conducted. This involves the putting of controls that are able to detect system errors and correct them early before they cause a reduction in the quality of products. This ensures that there is maintained performance of the system ensuring quality of the system(nigel slack, 2007). References honda company. (2017, january 1). Retrieved april 3, 2017, from https://www.honda.com investinue. (2016). Retrieved from investinue website: https://www.investinue.com larry E rittenberg, b. j. (n.d.). auditing:concepts for a changing environmen. california: south western college. marone, f. (2013). fault lines in global jihad:organisational,strategic and ideological. masulis, r. (1988). the debt/equity choice. cambridge: ballinger . mayson, f. (2016-2017). company law. kenya: oxford. mordecai lee, g. n. (2012). the practice of government public relations. crc press. nigel slack, s. c. (2007). operations management. In s. c. nigel slack, operations management (pp. 536-577). madrid ,spain: pearson. noe, h. (2014). human resource management. mcgraw hill education. robert l.mathis, j. h. (2015). human resource management. south western college pub. slaton, h. (2007). manufacturing employees. new york: vault. william stallings, t. c. (2012). business data communication. pearson.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Commercial and Corporation Laws

Questions: 1. Explain the elements to the formation of the contract between the parties.2. What statutory provisions are Ben contravening under the Sale of Goods Act (SGA)?3. Discuss the validity and enforceability of the statement printed on the receipt.4. Can Alans friends pursue liability with Ben under contract? If yes, what are the provisionsfor recourse? Otherwise, suggest an appropriate cause of action. Answers: (1). The formation of a contract requires valid offer and acceptance. On the initial stage of the contract formation, the interested party is liable to forward an invitation to the [arty with whom the contract is intended to structure. The contract is enforced after the acceptance made from the part of the party to the contract without the presence of manipulation (McKendrick, 2014). The language of the contract is expected to be in clear version so that it is easy for the party to understand without the chance of getting interpreted. An agreement is legally enforceable which requires some terms fulfilling such criteria. The rights and respective obligations bound by certain terms enforceable by law (Wright, 2015). The facts are ascertained by the party whether they have reached the conditions of a contract or not or in other words whether any form of agreement is enforceable between them or not. The essential principles of the contract formation include: Capacity to contract resulting to invitation to treat to a party, which is summed up as making an offer. Intention to create legal relations. For creating intension for legal relation certain terms are followed. Capacity that includes (invitation to treat), offer - An offer is defined as a mere invitation from the part of the interested party to the invited party, in other words, the concerned party mentioned as offeror and invited party known as offeree. The offeror expresses the interest towards offeree so as to have an expression of willingness to bind them to specify terms defined under the law Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v Marks Spencer plc. The contract comes into existence with the rule of termination so that the either party may end the terms on the ground of fulfillment of the terms Partridge v Crittenden. Ben made an offer of invitation to Alan to serve the requirements. Acceptance- Once the offer made by the offeror the offeree is expected to accept the offer on the absolute terms and assent. The general rules define that the acceptance requires a general communication and the inference must not come from mere silence. The communication shall be supported by the implied terms of the contract. In some of the cases in an agreement where there not possible to have a straight communication, then the postal acceptance rules are applied, and the party accepts the same out of posted communication. Alan accepted the offer of invitation to serve by Ben. Completeness and certainty: The terms of the contract is expected to have a certainty and completed when the offeree accepts the same before the enforcement of the agreement. The certainty comes out of good faith by the party and is likely to get hampered if the contractual terms are not correctly specified Carter v Boehm. The subject of the contract is likely to term as incomplete if the terms in agreement lack legal enforceability. Ben assured that the products are distilled in Russia and made a certainty of statement by explaining the background to Alan. Promissory estoppels- The promissory estoppels are the promise merely unsupported under the conditions of consideration. The principle applies to those elements where the party in concern makes an unequivocal commitment to the terms of the agreement. Ben assured promised Alan that the products are genuine Expressed terms: The expressed terms are one of the essential elements of the contract as mentioned under Sec-5 of the contract law. The expressed terms ascertain the fact of the contract that there are no hidden facts, or no terms are distinguished from the actual and expressed terms. The examining of the same applies to the enforcement of a contract. Ben made an expression of the terms that the product served are genuine and fulfilling of the specified requirements expressed by Alan. Hence, it is proved that there is a presence of contract between Ben and Alan. The presence of contract can be supported with the reference of the matter, Eastern Resource Management Services Ltd v Chiu Teng Construction Co Pte Lt. (2). The sale of good act is governed under the law of contract act. The sale of goods comes with some enforceability of the contractual terms with the presence of good faith. The explanation of the statement is that when the person makes a purchase of a commodity he does so under the impression as expressed by the seller. The seller is even expected to act by following the fair trading policies. The ultimate responsibility of the seller is to sell the product with an absence of hidden fact about a certain commodity. The seller is likely to commit a breach if the buyer finds that the product is not identical with the explanation (statutes.agc.gov.sg, 2016). The following matter explains that made the purchase after making specified requirements. The requirements included product description that explains the intention of Alan to make a purchase of beverages manufactured and distilled in Russia and nowhere else. When Alan arrived at the liquor store, he was served by a salesperson named Ben whom he expressed his particular requirement. Upon clearing the requirement, Ben went to bring some of the products and shown to Alan creating assurance that the product meets the demand of the requirement made by Alan. Ben went further with the discussion and explanation regarding the background of the vodkas and made the specified suggestion to make Alan purchase the same. Alan upon the good faith imposed over Ben bought the products as described by Ben. Alan had thrown a get-together with his friends where he gave his friend to drink the same vodkas and everyone who consumed the same suffered from diarrhea. After the test conducted regarding the product, it was found out that the product contained some toxic substance and that it was a bootleg which means a good illegal to consume. The matter explains the presence of deliberate mistake and misrepresentation from the part of Ben. The factual incident explains the violation of sections 13, 14 (2) with correspondence to 14 (b) and 14 (3) of the sales of goods act. Ben even committed the violation of section 6 (2) (a) by delivering an alternative product as described in samples. Ben committed a violation by transferring the prohibited good to Alan. Section 13 of the act explains that the goods must correspond with the description as made by salesperson which processing a purchase. The seller must deliver the commodity with an absence of manipulation and presence of willful acceptance from the buyer, along with similar description upon the product (Butler, 2016). Unlike what is described in the matter (Harlingdon Lienster Enterprises Ltd v Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd, where the buyer did not rely on the words of the seller, here Alan relied on Bens words, and got him delivered with a bootleg explaining Bens contradiction to the mentioned section. Section 14 (2) of the act described that the goods condition must be satisfactory quality and there must be a safety ensured since the good is meant for consumption. The factor of section 14 (2) goes with reference of section 14(2B). Ben made a wrong delivery of the product to Alan causing a violence of the section. The section explains that the quality of the goods must be hypothetical with the description and with reasonable person. The matter can be explained best by referencing the cases of Compact Metal Industries Ltd v PPG Industries (Singapore) Ltd ([2006], National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd [2007]. Section 14 (3) of the Act describes the delivery of the product should be capable of providing safety assurance and reasonably fit for the person consuming the product. Alan and his friend had to be hospitalized with severe diarrhea and the corresponding test found that the product were bootlegs which means they are illegal as well as unhealthy for the consumption. National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd [2007] explains similar issues that the products were not fit for using purpose. Apart from the violation of the sections from sale of good act, Ben committed an act as described in section 6 (2) (a) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. Section 6 (2) (a) explains that provisions gets related to the liability of implied terms of Sales of Goods Act 1979 with respect to the supply of goods. The sales party to the contract can never exclude the liability when the commodity comes with the liability regarding the safety and violation of the product. Ben did not follow any of the instruction and committed a clause by carrying of an unfair means terms of contract by delivering a bootleg product to Alan. The product caused severe damage to Alan and his friends resulting to get them admitted in the hospital. (3). The implied contractual validity depends on upon the non-performance of the deliberate violation of the expressed terms. It is important for the concerned party to follow the terms as expressed clause in the contract since those terms come with legal enforceability, and the misrepresentation causes the breach to the terms. The similar fact is observed in the matter of Alan and Ben, where Ben served him a bootleg product assuring that to be Russian distilled vodka. The expressed terms of the contract as mentioned under section 5.1 ascertain the fact and explain that there shall be no distinguishing of the fact with the actual representation made for a particular commodity (Fried, 2015). The contractual terms may be orally described or in the written form which has a similar effect of implication over the application of terms. The implication of contractual terms should not have the contradiction of the terms and similar to the presentation made. Ben made an alteration of the product with the description delivered to Alan. The nature of the statements or the terms explains the liability of the business holders during any uncertain risks arising from the consumption of product. The section 5.2 explains that the business cannot interpret the terms or the nature of statement in the receipt as per convenience, Chapelton v Barry UDC. The factual matter explains about the deliberate mistake of the salesperson, Ben as he delivered the wrongful product and is now explaining the terms in the receipt. The terms of the receipt cannot be interpreted as per convenience even when there is uncertain risk, Petroships Investment Pte Ltd v Wealthplus Pte Ltd. The receipt explained about the non-liability of the organization regarding the risk that may arise due to the consumption of the beverages. The implied terms were well interpreted since the risk included some expected risk that may arise and there was no mention of the illness that may cause to the person consuming the product. The organization does not hold the right of interpretation of the terms with favor to their interest. The situation may arise where there can be advantage taken by the concerned party for altering contractual terms (Alexandrov Mendenhall, 2015). The terms of the receipt will have no value since the risk arose was not any expected issue but due to the consumption of prohibited drinks which was tested and found as a bootleg. Section 2(2) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act, 1977 explains that the declaration in the receipt cannot exclude the liability of any type of losses other than the general effect of consuming the product. Section 2(3) of the act explains that the seller is aware of the exclusion clause of the receipt and the declaration. Hence, interpretation with the cause of defending will not be applicable in this case as Ben made an alteration of the description and committed breach under Unfair Contract Terms Act, 1977. In the given matter, the validity of the terms questions the warranties of the implied and expressed terms within an agreement (Michael, et al., 2013). The business holder is not expected to sell the product which is a boot and manipulate the buyer to take the same Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel. Ben carried an unfair means of contract by convincing a buyer to consume a bootleg product and as a result of not only Ben but his friends even risked their lives as they were suffering from severe diarrhea. The terms of the receipts do not encourage application over the dealing of wrongful and illegal products. The person in a contract is liable to follow the terms of the agreement and is dutifully bound towards the party in the contract. Ben as a salesperson was bound to direct his customers to take things under food faith and safety. (4). The privity of the contract is explained section 2.1(b) of the contract law. The concept explains about the right of an absence of involvement of the third party and their rights to sue a person committing breach of contract. The section explains about the right of the direct party in the contract to sue against the party breaching terms of a contract. The rules compiled together for such facts are known as the privity rules of the contract. The third party right act provides the rights to the third party without any retrospective effect (Mahmood, 2013). In this Alan's friend consumed the beverage as bought by Alan and faced severe diarrhea for which they had to be hospitalized. The section explains about the statutory right of the party for enforcing a term in a contract against the party who made a breach in the contract. The rights will be valid for the third party even though there is no consideration made from the promisor upon such execution of the rights (singaporelaw.sg, 2016 ). The law of tort explains that the third party holds no legal liability to sue against the party committed negligence in the duty of care, Donoghue v Stevenson. Only the party within the contract holds the right to bring a legal enforceability against the party committing the breach of terms in the agreement. The aggrieved party can even hold liability for the negligence shown in the contractual terms performance (Campbell, 2015). Wyong Shire Council v Shirt [1980] is the matter explaining that there was negligence in the duty of care hence causing breach of duty. The breach of duty caused some harm to the concerned party as well as the members included in the party. Rights of Third Parties Act 1999 explain that the third party gets right under Sec 1(b) with subject to subsection (2), when there is a benefit purport on them. Section 5 and 6 explains that the consent from the third party is required in certain cases during court proceedings. The general rules of the contract explain that the third party can sue when there is a breach of contract and such breach reached the third party some generous harm with long time consequences (Goh Lee, 2014). The matter tells about some breach of duty that occurred from the part of Ben. Upon such case it is important to cite matter of Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) which tells about the reasonable man test which results from any situation. The reasonable man test tells about the possibility of any ordinary or average person that would react in certain situation. The man test tells that the original party is liable to get some compensation because of the harm that reached them for the act of the party in concern. The act explains that where there is a possibility of removing the risk and the salesperson did not do it then there will some enforceability of the rights of third party. The matter of fact is similar to the situation as observed in the case Latimer v A.E.C. The third party also gets rights when there is an observance of the breach of duty from the person in the agreement that intended to create such legal enforceability. For the factual matter it is important to cite the case of Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital[1969], where when the judgment passed introduced a concept of but for test. The but for test concept explains that the defendant may not be always held liable for the damage occurred especially in those case where there is only injury and not death. So when the consequence occurs but for the act or omission of the defendant the defendant wont be held liable. In the factual matter Ben purposely gave a bootleg product to his customer thus resulting to the damage which will give the third party rights. The but for test wont be applicable here. The qualified means and ways of the third party can enforce the statutory right against the promisor (Chen-Wishart, Ong, 2015). Firstly, the third party statutory rights are necessary for the qualification of the defense by which the promisor can assert the same to the other party. Secondly, the sum of compensation for the damage can be recovered with the application of the act where there is a discovery of the observance made regarding the breach of the terms by the promisor toward the promisee. The right of the party will be applied under the phrase that where the third party has received a negative consequence resulting from the usage of the commodity (Campbell, 2015). The negative benefits are such benefits that limit the terms of the party by the promisor, but the third party can apply for the enforceability of the rights. References: Alexandrov, S. A., Mendenhall, J. (2015). Breach of Treaty Claims and Breach of Contract Claims: Simplification of International Jurisprudence. InContemporary Issues in International Arbitration and Mediation: The Fordham Papers 2014(pp. 24-44). Brill. Butler, P. 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The study of claims arising from building collapses: case studies from Malaysia, Nigeria, Singapore and Thailand.Civil and Environmental Research,3(11), 113-129.